Understanding and Describing the Community Section 3. Collecting Information About the Problem Section 5. Analyzing Community Problems Section 6. Conducting Focus Groups Section 7. Conducting Needs Assessment Surveys Section 8. Identifying Community Assets and Resources Section 9. Developing Baseline Measures Section Conducting Concerns Surveys Section Determining Service Utilization Section Conducting Interviews Section Conducting Surveys Section Implementing Photovoice in Your Community Section Windshield and Walking Surveys Section Arranging Assessments That Span Jurisdictions.
The Tool Box needs your help to remain available. Toggle navigation Chapter Sections. Section 1. Learn the basics of conducting surveys, including survey creation, distribution and collection, and how to utilize survey data. What are surveys? Why should you conduct a survey? When should you conduct a survey?
How do you prepare a survey? How do you distribute your survey? How do you analyze and compile the results of your survey? There are three main ways of going about this: Case study surveys , which collect information from a part of a group or community, without trying to choose them for overall representation of the larger population. You may need to conduct several of these before you get a sense of how the larger community would respond to your survey. Case study surveys only provide specific information about the community studied.
Sampled surveys , which are the type we'll be focusing on in this section, ask a sample portion of a group to answer your questions. If done well, the results for the sample will reflect the results you would have gotten by surveying the entire group. For example, let's say you want to know what percentage of people in your county would make use of an adult literacy program. Getting every person in a county with 10, people to fill out a survey would be a huge task.
Instead you decide to survey a sample of people and find out what they think. For the sample to accurately represent the larger group, it must be carefully chosen.
We'll speak to that later in this section. Census surveys, in which you give your survey questionnaire to every member of the population you want to learn about.
This will give you the most accurate information about the group, but it may not be very practical for large groups. A census is best done with smaller groups -- all of the clients of a particular agency, for example, as opposed to all of the citizens of a city. Deciding whether to conduct a survey There are advantages in doing surveys, but you should consider whether a survey will be the best way of obtaining the information you need. A survey may be your best choice when: You need a quick and efficient way of getting information You need to reach a large number of people You need statistically valid information about a large number of people The information you need isn't readily available through other means Written surveys: Pros and Cons Advantages of written surveys: Large numbers of people can give their input Low cost People can respond at their convenience Avoids interviewer bias Provides a written record Easy to list or tabulate responses Wide range of respondents No training needed as with interviewing Disadvantages of written surveys: Often has low return rate Limited alternative expression of respondent's reaction Depends on the selected sample May not truly represent of the whole group Respondent may skip sections If you have decided that what you need is a large-scale, formal survey, hiring someone to do it for you or working with local colleagues or a nearby university may be your best bet.
Decide on the purpose of the survey. Here are some of the behaviors the YRBS attempts to measure: Behaviors that contribute to unintentional and intentional injuries like not using a safety belt when driving Tobacco use Alcohol and other drug use Sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV Unhealthy dietary behaviors Physical inactivity Decide whom you will survey.
Sampling Almost all surveys rely on sampling -- that is, identifying a section of your population that satisfies the characteristics you're trying to survey, rather than trying to do a census.
Sample Design Issues You might also need to give some thought to the design of your sample, especially if you are hoping to get representative responses from two or more groups. For example, you might design a sample that comes out like this: Youth Parents Educators Population Sample 65 20 50 Sampling can be a complex topic; before you start, you might want to learn some of the basic terminology and concepts from resources such as Sampling Terminology and Survey Sample Sizes and Margins of Error.
Potential pitfalls Sampling is a challenge to conducting good surveys, but there are other pitfalls. Decide what method you will use to collect your survey data. Some advantages of mailed questionnaires are: The respondent can fill out the survey at his or her convenience -- it can be filled out whenever the respondent has time. You can make it anonymous, which is much more comfortable for some respondents.
All respondents will have read the same questions, eliminating any interviewer bias. The respondent will have time to check his or her records before answering -- if he or she needs to verify information, he or she will have the chance to be accurate. Some disadvantages of mailed questionnaires are: They're not very flexible; there is no interviewer present to probe for answers, so you can only read what the respondent has written, with no opportunity to look at facial expressions or body language.
The return rate is generally low Respondents may leave answers blank You can't control when respondents will send the survey back You may not be able to tell the difference between those who simply didn't return the survey and those for whom you had an incorrect address. How long should your survey be? Write your questions. Questions might be: Open-ended: Designed to prompt the respondent to provide you with more than just one or two word responses.
These are often "how" or "why" questions. Closed-ended also sometimes referred to as forced choice questions : Specific questions that prompt yes or no answers.
Multiple choice: Allow the respondent to select one answer from a few possible choices. Likert scale: Each respondent is asked to rate items on a response scale.
Example: Using the Likert scale Here are a few sample survey questions in Likert scale format, done without a neutral category: Please check the answer indicating your reaction to the questions listed below. Strongly Disagree Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Violent crime is a significant problem in my neighborhood The police have done enough to prevent crime in my neighborhood.
If a citizens watch program were implemented in my neighborhood, I would participate in it. I would be supportive of organized activities for youth in my neighborhood. Mailed questionnaires should be printed on standard letter paper 8. This size of envelope is less likely to be viewed as advertisement or "junk" mail by the recipient, so more people will open your survey.
There should be no questions on the front or back of the folded booklet. The first question should be directly related to the overall topic of the survey, and it should be something that is easy to answer.
Any questions that may be threatening to the reader should appear later in the survey, but not grouped together. Demographic questions should come towards the end; having them at the beginning often puts people off and prevents them from completing the survey at all, but they will be more likely to complete them if they are asked after responding to other questions.
In layout, avoid cramming too much type onto a single page. It's better to use more pages with a good amount of white space than to try to save on paper by crowding the pages, because overly-dense type is intimidating to a potential survey participant. You should also make sure you don't break any questions up over a page break -- the entire question and its possible answers should appear on the same page.
Your questionnaire should be no more than questions or 12 pages long -- anything longer is going to reduce your response rate. Including a well-written cover letter is extremely important. It needs to be clear about what you're looking for, why you're looking for it, what member of the household should complete the survey, and what will be done with the results. For instance, if you're doing a literacy program survey, you may want to explain that the answers will help determine whether the community might need an adult education program and what kind of program it might need, and that the results of the survey will be presented to possible funders.
Your cover letter should be individually typed or laser printed and signed personally with a blue ballpoint pen survey participants pay more attention to real letters with real signatures. Typing the recipient's name directly on the envelope, instead of using mailing labels, will bring a higher response rate. In the results section, you summarize the key results from your analysis. In the discussion and conclusion , you give your explanations and interpretations of these results, answer your research question, and reflect on the implications and limitations of the research.
Have a language expert improve your writing. Check your paper for plagiarism in 10 minutes. Do the check. Generate your APA citations for free! APA Citation Generator. Home Knowledge Base Methodology How to do survey research. To conduct an effective survey, follow these six steps: Determine who will participate in the survey Decide the type of survey mail, online, or in-person Design the survey questions and layout Distribute the survey Analyze the responses Write up the results Surveys are a flexible method of data collection that can be used in many different types of research.
Receive feedback on language, structure and layout Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on: Academic style Vague sentences Grammar Style consistency See an example. Mail Online In-person Sending out a paper survey by mail is a common method of gathering demographic information for example, in a government census of the population.
You can easily access a large sample. You have some control over who is included in the sample e. The response rate is often low. You can quickly access a large sample without constraints on time or location. The data is easy to process and analyze. The anonymity and accessibility of online surveys mean you have less control over who responds. You can screen respondents to make sure only people in the target population are included in the sample.
You can collect time- and location-specific data e. The sample size will be smaller, so this method is less suitable for collecting data on broad populations. Is this article helpful?
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