These early revelations pointed to the existence of a single God, contradicting the polytheistic beliefs of the pre-Islamic Arabian Peninsula. Initially overwhelmed by the significance of what was being revealed to him, Muhammad found unflinching support in his wife and slowly began to attract followers. His strong monotheistic message angered many of the Meccan merchants. They were afraid that trade, which they believed was protected by the pagan gods, would suffer.
From that point forward, Muhammad was ostracized in Mecca. For a time, the influence and status of his wife and his uncle, Abu Talib, the chief of the clan, protected Muhammad from persecution. After they died, however, Muhammad's situation in Mecca became dire.
The Hijra Emigration became the only hope for Muhammad and his followers' survival. In , they headed to Medina, another oasis town, where they were promised freedom to practice their religion.
The move from Mecca to Medina is known as the hijra —the flight—and marks year 1 of the Islamic, or hijri , calendar. Spreading the Message of Islam In Medina, Muhammad continued to receive divine revelations and built an ever-expanding community around the new faith. The conflict with the Quraish continued, but after several years of violent clashes, Mecca surrendered. Muhammad and his followers soon returned and took over the city, destroying all its pagan idols and spreading their belief in one God.
One night, while the Prophet was sleeping, the Archangel Gabriel came and led him on a journey. There he prayed with other prophets such as Moses, Abraham, and Jesus, and ascended to the skies, where he was led by Gabriel through Paradise and Hell, and finally came face to face with God. He then returned to earth to continue spreading the message of Islam. Muhammad settled in Medina, building his Muslim community and gradually gathering acceptance and more followers. Between and , the Muslims were involved in a series of battles for their survival.
In the final major confrontation, The Battle of the Trench and Siege of Medina, Muhammad and his followers prevailed and a treaty was signed. The treaty was broken by the Meccan allies a year later. By now, Muhammad had plenty of forces and the balance of power had shifted away from the Meccan leaders to him. In , the Muslim army marched into Mecca, taking the city with minimum casualties. Muhammad gave amnesty to many of the Meccan leaders who had opposed him and pardoned many others. Most of the Meccan population converted to Islam.
Muhammad and his followers then proceeded to destroy all of the statues of pagan gods in and around the Kaaba. After the conflict with Mecca was finally settled, Muhammad took his first true Islamic pilgrimage to that city and in March, , he delivered his last sermon at Mount Arafat.
He died on June 8, , at the age of 62, and was buried at al-Masjid an-Nabawi the Mosque of the Prophet one of the first mosques built by Muhammad in Medina. We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives.
Elijah Muhammad rose from poverty to become the charismatic leader of the black nationalist group Nation of Islam, and mentor of Malcolm X and Louis Farrakhan. Muhammad Ali was a heavyweight boxing champion with an impressive win record.
He was also known for his brave public stance against the Vietnam War. John Allen Muhammad became an infamous figure as part of a sniper team that terrorized the Washington, D. This verse shows the importance of Prophet Muhammad's pbuh sunnah in the lives of Muslims. As a matter of fact, the Quran clearly states that Prophet Muhammad pbuh has a superior character and demonstrates an exemplary life style. If one accepts that Islam is the final and perfect religion, then it would be inconsistent to not consider the life of Prophet Muhammad pbuh as an example for the Muslim community or to not accept his life as something that shapes and guides the daily lives of Muslims.
For that reason, the life style and personality of Prophet Muhammad pbuh , demonstrated during his prophethood of 23 years, includes very significant provisions and principles for the religious, political, social and moral life of Muslim communities as a whole. The following hadith summarizes the statements found in the Quran:. That is the Book of Allah the Quran. The best of guidance is the guidance of Muhammad. Islamic scholars state that the terms sabil road , sirat al-mustaqim straight path and uswa al-hasana best of examples , which are mentioned in the Holy Quran, in the hadiths of Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him , and in the words of his Companions, are words and terms that represent the concept of the sunnah.
All these terms indicate the path to be followed and the model to be taken as an example. The name of this road is the sunnah, and it is collectively followed by the Companions of Prophet Muhammad pbuh and the believers. As a matter of fact, all the characteristics of a person who is an example and a role model must be known and thus their life can be examined in detail.
The information on this subject must be accurately passed on to the following generations. The life of the Prophet is unique when looked at from this perspective. The Quran repeats many times that Prophet Muhammad pbuh is neither superhuman nor a deity, but that he is a human being. Prophet Muhammad pbuh verifies this truth over and over again. The conclusion of scholars on this subject, which is also of great importance for the role model status of Prophet Muhammad pbuh , is that every action of the Prophet is not necessarily related to necessity or good deed, and often only represents a routine action.
This is because the Prophet practiced routine, good, or obligatory actions, but he never practiced sinful actions that are prohibited. If by mistake he performed an action that was a minor sin, this mistake was criticized by Allah, thus making all other actions valid as examples to be followed.
All actions performed by Prophet Muhammad have been examined, and if the indications show that this was an action performed to become close to Allah, that action is followed, otherwise it is not necessary to follow it. If the action was a routine action, people may perform it or not. This status as a role model is not only present in issues that are considered compulsory, but also in fields that represent routine actions. The exemplary and role model status of the Prophet have a quality that covers all types of sunnah.
Each type of sunnah is right and there is no place for superstition in them. The role model status of the Prophet is not limited to merely worshipping or actions that are a compulsory part of the religion, a requirement, or examples of good morals. The sunnah descriptions given by the hadith researchers are in line with the verses found in the Quran about his role model status and the orders and advice he gives in the sunnah context; it is according to all these factors that general opinion is formed, "The sunnah, whether it constitutes a base for a provision or not, are all the words, actions, teachings, characteristics, examples of the morality and personality of Prophet Muhammad pbuh ".
Within the hierarchal evidence in Islam, sunnah ranks as the second most significant aspect after the Quran. The term sunnah used within the hadith of the Prophet and the words of the Companions and followers of the Prophet indicates collective deeds and involves every part of life, such as faith, worship, morality and ethics.
The fortification that was necessary to the Islamic ideal was provided by the sunnah. Once the views were solidified and the ideals were achieved, the sunnah turned the theory into a reality. The values of Islam were formulated and perpetuated in this way.
Prophet Muhammad's pbuh practices for worshipping Allah took on the form of the application of the sunnah. This form of worship, which continued during the last twenty-two years of his life, guided the believers even after his death. Contemplating the sunnah of the Prophet and applying it supports the connection between the Prophet's ability to perceive, his attitude, thought, life and history.
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